54 Richard J. Evans At the same time, the apparatus of the police state began to look a good deal less coercive than it had done in the 1950s. Once inside Rhm's cell, they handed him a Browning pistol loaded with a single cartridge and told him he had ten minutes to kill himself or they would do it for him. It established Hitler as "the supreme leader of the German people", as he put it in his 13 July speech to the Reichstag. Now that the NSDAP had seized the reins of power in Germany, he said, it was time to consolidate its control. "[74] Hearing of the murder of former Chancellor Kurt von Schleicher and his wife, he also commented, "We have ceased to live under the rule of law and everyone must be prepared for the possibility that the Nazis will push their way in and put them up against the wall! The law needed two thirds of the Reichstag to vote for it to pass. 2. Gring's personal police battalion also took part in the killings. Adolf Hitler was in a furious temper when his flight touched down in Munich at 4.30am on 30 June 1934. If passed, the law would establish the conditions needed for dictatorial rule. Despite this improvement, the Nazis still did not command a majority in the Reichstag. Night of the Long Knives. Night of the Long Knives, in German history, purge of Nazi leaders by Adolf Hitler on June 30, 1934. The Night of the Long Knives. By the end of May 1934, Hitler had been chancellor for 16 . Find Night Of The Long Knives stock photos and editorial news pictures from Getty Images. In this photo, Rhm is talking to a group of SA men, who appear to be listening intently. They understood the need to appear moderate and take over slowly by democratic means where possible, maintaining the stability and illusion of a democracy. By 1934 there were more than a million of them. As such the Nazis justified this measure as implementing necessary security measures, rather than revealing their true motive to remove opposition. "[63] The statements that Schleicher had been killed because he wanted to partition Poland with the Soviet Union were later published in the Polish White Book of 1939, which was a collection of diplomatic documents detailing GermanPolish relations up to the outbreak of the war. He was now a dictator. The SA evolved out of the remnants of the Freikorps movement of the post-World War I years. Background Hitler was Chancellor (Prime Minister), but not yet completely in control. 8 study hacks, 3 revision templates, 6 revision techniques, 10 exam and self-care tips. ", "The most general theorythat National Socialism was a revolution of the lower middle classis defensible but inadequate. The Peoples Court, a court created by the Nazis in April 1934 with judges chosen specifically for their Nazi beliefs, replaced the Supreme Court. It was a purge of the head of the Nazi paramilitary organization, the SA, by Hitler and a certain faction within the Nazi party. , issuing the Act for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service on the 7 April 1933. At least 85 people died during the purge, although the final death toll may have been in the hundreds,[b][c][d] with high estimates running from 700 to 1,000. Close 'Here after let this be known as the night of the long side burns!' "[14], Despite such hostility between the brownshirts and the regular army, Blomberg and others in the military saw the SA as a source of raw recruits for an enlarged and revitalized army. Opposition from outside the Nazi party was being strangled . Following Hitlers appointment as chancellor the Nazis were finally in a position of power. This fear was In 1928, the popular Nazi song "Wetzt die langen Messer" (English: Sharpen the long knives) encourages the mass murder of Jewish people and the desecration of Synagogues (seemingly equating their own tactics with the treacherous Anglo-Saxons). Hitler wanted to consolidate his power and settle old scores. "It was plain that there was wide acceptance of the deliberately misleading propaganda put out by the regime. The Nazis used the guise of moderationto conceal their rapid consolidation of power. This essentially meant that the Nazis used the atmosphere of panic following the Reichstag Fireto put forward the Enabling Law. Historians have often wondered why Hitler turned on the SA. In August 1932 there were approximately 445,000 members of the SA. As the SA were known for being violent and unruly, many saw this as a legitimate move by the government to ensure public order. But Hitler was in power in 1934, and there was no opposition left . Pressured by German army commanders, whose support he would need to become President, Hitler directs the SS to murder SA Chief of Staff Ernst Rhm and his top commanders. 7 Night of the Long Knives - 30 June 1934 . The Freikorps were nationalistic organizations primarily composed of disaffected, disenchanted, and angry German combat veterans founded by the government in January 1919 to deal with the threat of a Communist revolution when it appeared that there was a lack of loyal troops. The Night of Long Knives was the purge of the SA leadership and other political opponents from the 30 June 1934 to the 2 July 1934. How did the Night of the Long Knives help to create a dictatorship out of a democracy? [18], Finally, in early 1934, the growing rift between Rhm and Hitler over the role of the SA in the Nazi state led former chancellor General Kurt von Schleicher to start playing politics again. They had placed many in the first The Night of the Long Knives. concentration camp Over 150 people were murdered and hundreds more were arrested. The SA (sometimes known as the "Stormtroopers" or "Brownshirts") was the paramilitary organization of the Nazi Party that played a key role in the Nazi . By the summer of 1934, the SA's numbers had swollen to 2 million men. The support of respected individuals such as von Papen and Hindenburgs son, Oskar von Hindenburg, gave the Nazis further legitimacy for these actions. In reality, the laws that the Nazis put forward secured their future as the sole ruling party in Germany. The Nazis secured 43.9% of the vote, an improvement of almost 10% on the previous Novembers election. intensified The Night of the Long Knives was a major purge of the SA and Nazi Party. [44] The murdered included at least one accidental victim: Willi Schmid, the music critic of the Mnchner Neuste Nachrichten newspaper, whose name was confused with one of the Gestapo's intended targets. With these measures in place, the Nazification of the judicial system was complete. [37] Meanwhile, the SS arrested the other SA leaders as they left their train for the planned meeting with Rhm and Hitler. Hitler announced that he would occupy this new role. Upon returning to Berlin, Goebbels telephoned Gring at 10:00 with the codeword Kolibri to let loose the execution squads on the rest of their unsuspecting victims. Local governments proved more difficult to infiltrate, and even at the end of 1945 only 60% of local mayors were Nazi Party members. The Night of the Long Knives In June 1934, Hitler ordered the SA to go on leave for the entire month. The decree also removed basic personal freedoms, such as the freedom of speech, the right to own property, and the right to trial before imprisonment. retrospectively The Reichstag, the German lower house of parliament, was set on fire on the 27 February 1933. 1 Quoted in Richard J. Evans, The Third Reich in Power (New York: Penguin Books, 2005), 37-38. Blomberg and many of his fellow officers were recruited from the Prussian nobility and regarded the SA as a plebeian rabble that threatened the army's traditional high status in German society. Scribd is the world's largest social reading and publishing site. It was all three of these men that were responsible for this night, because Hitler asked Goering and Goebbels to compile a list of disloyal SA members,; this list formed the basis of those killed on the Night of the Long Knives. [63] Since Schleicher was a good friend of the French Ambassador Andr Franois-Poncet, and because of his reputation for intrigue, the claim that Schleicher was working for France had enough surface plausibility for most Germans to accept it. "[83], Before its execution, the purges instigators referred to the plans under the codename Hummingbird (German: Kolibri), the word used to command execution squads into action on 30 June. The SS was moving into position for the first of its many deadly tasks. [79] This story would be popularized across western Europe in the 12th century as part of the History of the Britons by Geoffrey of Monmouth, which introduced many of the Arthurian legends to Germany.[80][81]. ", followed by 12,263 people on Pinterest. The SA traced its dramatic rise in numbers in part to the onset of the Great Depression, when many German citizens lost both their jobs and their faith in traditional institutions. We were close personal friends; we often dined together in Berlin. [i] Rhm, as one of the earliest members of the Nazi Party, had participated in the Munich Beer Hall Putsch, an attempt by Hitler to seize power by force in 1923. The Night of the Long Knives, which was originally published in Amazing Science Fiction Stories in 1960, feels surprisingly current the character names are the most dated-feeling aspect of the story. He lifted his arm in the Nazi salute and called out "Heil Hitler, I love Germany. 1. "[26] According to his memoirs, von Papen, a Catholic aristocrat with ties to army and industry, privately threatened to resign if Hitler did not act. Kurt von Schleicher's stepdaughter received 250 marks per month up to the age of 21, and the son of General von Bredow received a monthly allowance of 150 marks.[59]. This was called the "Night of the Long Knives." This cartoon is joking about how these fanatical Nazis who were once Hitler's shock troops now found themselves the target of Hitler. Definition of Long Knives in the Idioms Dictionary. persecution On the 2 May 1933 trade unions were banned. Hitler's desire to consolidate his power and settle old scores, Desire of Ernst Rhm and the SA to continue "the National Socialist revolution" versus Hitler's need for relative social stability so that the economy could be refocused to rearmament and the German people acclimated to the need for expansion and war, Hitler's need to bring the Reichswehr under his control, Significant reduction in the regime's opposition, Strengthening of relationship between Hitler and the military. This topic will explore how the Nazis managed to eliminate their opposition and As a result, a political struggle within the party grew, with those closest to Hitler, including Prussian premier Hermann Gring, Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels, Reichsfhrer-SS Heinrich Himmler, and Hitler's deputy Rudolf Hess, positioning themselves against Rhm. The Nazis consolidation of power can be grouped into three main themes: pseudo-legality, terror and intimidation and pseudo-moderation. 95.7% of the population voted. This act legalised removing anyone of non-Ayran descent from the civil service. The Nazis improvised. Given that the purge claimed the lives of so many prominent Germans, it could hardly be kept secret. The crowd, which included party members and many SA members fortunate enough to escape arrest, shouted its approval. Paul von Hindenburg was the president of the Weimar Republic from the 12 May 1925 until his death on the 2 August 1934. [63] During a meeting with Polish Ambassador Jzef Lipski on 22 May 1935, Hitler told Lipski that Schleicher was "rightfully murdered, if only because he had sought to maintain the Rapallo Treaty. Whilst the pseudo-legal measures were one factor that helped the Nazis to consolidate power, another was terror and intimidation. This event reputedly occurred during the fifth century Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain, when Vortigern and the British leaders were invited to discuss peace and the Saxon leader Hengist commanded his men to draw their Seax (the infamous long knives) and massacre the unarmed Britons. Slope Unblocked Games 66 Is A Popular Arcade Game For School And Work From Google And Weebly Sites.21. In addition to this, there was a mutual dislike between the traditional conservative elite who maintained many key positions in the government and the army during the first years of the Third Reich and the SA. June 30, 1934 - July 12, 1934 News articles about the arrest and murder of leadership within the SA, as well as political opponents of the Nazis ("Night of the Long Knives"). The caption They salute with both hands now is a joke about the Nazi salute. coalition Rhm was given the nickname "The Machine Gun King of Bavaria" in the early 1920s, since he was responsible for storing and issuing illegal machine guns to the Bavarian Freikorps units. In Berlin, on Gring's personal orders, an armed SS unit stormed the Vice-Chancellery. By 1934 most of the socialists had left the party but some important figures in the hierarchy like Ernst Rhm and . Only the SPD opposed it. "[85], Papen, nonetheless, remained in his position although people quite close to him were murdered, including, "At least eighty-five people are known to have been summarily killed without any formal legal proceedings being taken against them. Give Hitler four years to rebuild it! During the years of the rise of the Nazi Party, the SA had been instrumental in helping the party to gain support. A combat veteran of World War I, Rhm had recently boasted that he would execute 12 men in retaliation for the killing of any stormtrooper. "They give . This included Vice-Chancellor Papen and those in his immediate circle. On 24 March 1933, the Enabling Act was passed, allowing Hitler to make laws without the approval of the Reichstag. oppression A convoy of lorries moved quietly through the night. . by Gring and Himmler, who gave Hitler news of Rhm organising a potential On the 5 March 1933, the elections took place, with an extremely high turnout of 89%. [49] In 1957, the German authorities tried Lippert in Munich for Rhm's murder. The Party had generally been aligned with the Social Democrats and Catholic Church during the rise of Nazism, being critical of Nazi ideology, but voting nonetheless for the Enabling Act of 1933 which granted Hitler dictatorial authority. Hitler claimed that 61 had been executed while 13 had been shot resisting arrest and three had committed suicide. [g] Many stormtroopers believed in the socialist promise of National Socialism and expected the Nazi regime to take more radical economic action, such as breaking up the vast landed estates of the aristocracy. [62] General von Reichenau went so far as to publicly give credence to the lie that Schleicher had been plotting to overthrow the government. Mr Maracin has filtered out much of the historical minutia belabored by other historians of Nazi Germany during this period and given us a quick 209 page read for those with a mild passing interest on how this to barbarism came to be. The day after the Reichstag fire, the 28 February 1933, Hindenburg signed a decree giving Hitler emergency powers. Additionally, Hitler was uncomfortable with Rhm's outspoken support for a "second revolution" to redistribute wealth. As such, the Nazis consolidation of power relied on maintaining the illusion of a stable democracy. The Nazis aimed to increase their share of the vote so that they would have a majority in the Reichstag. July 14-20, 1934 News articles, editorials, opinion pieces, letters-to-the-editor, and . It would become known in Welsh as "twyll y cyllyll hirion" (English: Deceit of the long knives) (first recorded around 1587) and in English as the "Treachery/Plot/Treason of the long knives" (recorded around 1604). What does Long Knives expression mean? In the years preceding the purge, the term "long knives" had become a popular description of treachery in Germany and was used as a criticism of Nazi actions and deceitfulness. [6], Hitler's appointment as chancellor, followed by the suppression of all political parties except the Nazis, did not end the violence of the stormtroopers. [21] Brning fled to the Netherlands while Schleicher dismissed the tip-off as a bad practical joke. com. The Night of the Long Knives (in addition to Hindenburgs deatha few months later) helped Hitler and the Nazi Party to consolidate absolute power in Germany by removing their political opposition. [70] It is noteworthy that even those officers who were most offended by the killings, like Hammerstein and Mackensen, did not blame the purge on Hitler, whom they wanted to see continue as Chancellor; they at most wanted a reorganization of the Cabinet to remove some of Hitler's more radical followers. By the end of 1934, the Nazis had managed to infiltrate and take control of every major aspect of German government. [34], At about 04:30 on 30 June 1934, Hitler and his entourage flew to Munich. Hitler's task would not be simple, however, as the SA made up a large part of Nazism's most devoted followers. Surrounding this scene, members of the Army and SS stand with their weapons pointing towards the SA members. Gleichschaltung was the process of the Nazi Party taking control over all aspects of Germany. The army's support for the purge, however, would have far-reaching consequences for the institution. Despite some initial efforts by local prosecutors to take legal action against those who carried out the murders, which the regime rapidly quashed, it appeared that no law would constrain Hitler in his use of power. Terror and intimidation became one of the main ways that the Nazis sought to control or suppress their opposition, and Germans in general. The Nazis also took several more steps to reduce their political opposition legally. [l] Luise Solmitz, a Hamburg schoolteacher, echoed the sentiments of many Germans when she cited Hitler's "personal courage, decisiveness and effectiveness" in her private diary. Goebbels soon radicalised each of these areas, ensuring that they advocated Nazi ideas. [38], Although Hitler presented no evidence of a plot by Rhm to overthrow the regime, he nevertheless denounced the leadership of the SA. They were often given a free rein on their activities and were violent and difficult to control. Over the next two days, most of the SA leadership were placed under arrest and murdered without trial. On 25 June, General Werner von Fritsch placed the Reichswehr on the highest level of alert. Many were terrified of voting of at all, and many turned to voting for the Nazi Party out of fear for their own safety. Originally designed and developed by the London Jewish Cultural Centre. The atmosphere of terror that had followed the Reichstag Fire, and Hindenburgs and von Papens support, made the proposal seem legitimate and, to some, necessary. The Night of the Long Knives was "an act of carnage" which had come out of the blue. [35] Goebbels emphasised this aspect in subsequent propaganda justifying the purge as a crackdown on moral turpitude. On 19 August 1934, the German people were asked to vote on whether or not they approved of the merging of the two offices and Hitlers new role as Fhrer. One of the men Gring recruited to assist him was Willi Lehmann, a Gestapo official and NKVD spy. The speed and scale of the reshuffle caused it to be associated by its critics with the 1934 Night of the Long Knives in Nazi Germany.. Others killed included Gregor Strasser, a former Nazi who had angered Hitler by resigning from the party in 1932, and Gustav Ritter von Kahr, the former Bavarian state commissioner who had helped crush the Beer Hall Putsch in 1923. The army almost unanimously applauded the Night of the Long Knives, even though the generals Kurt von Schleicher and Ferdinand von Bredow were among the victims. Nazi propaganda presented the murders as a preventive measure against an alleged imminent coup by the SA under Rhm the so-called Rhm Putsch. How seriously Hitler took the socialist character of National Socialism was to remain one of the main causes of disagreement and division within the Nazi party up to the summer of 1934. It's been called "the night of the long knives in the tropics.". While Rhm's homosexuality did not endear him to conservatives, they were more concerned about his political ambitions. Despite his earlier agreement with Hitler, Rhm still clung to his vision of a new German army with the SA at its core. I also almost always agree with what his cartoons are saying. Also known as the "brownshirts" or "stormtroopers," the SA became notorious for their street battles with the Communists. He then told Hitler that Hindenburg was close to declaring martial law and turning the government over to the Reichswehr if Hitler did not take immediate steps against Rhm and his brownshirts. [51] Meanwhile, Goebbels tried to prevent newspapers from publishing lists of the dead, but at the same time used a 2 July radio address to describe how Hitler had narrowly prevented Rhm and Schleicher from overthrowing the government and throwing the country into turmoil. Hitler formally adopted this title in April 1942, thus placing himself above the reach of the law de jure and de facto. [41] Several leaders of the disbanded Catholic Centre Party were also murdered in the purge. [48] Eicke and Lippert then shot Rhm, killing him. Hitler entitled the purge the 'Night of the Long Knives' - a reference to the lyrics from a popular Nazi song. This meant, as well as removing other personal freedoms, that the Nazis could now imprison their political opposition for an indefinite period for any, or no, reason. Captain Ernst Rhm of the Reichswehr served as the liaison with the Bavarian Freikorps. This decree suspended the democratic aspects of the Weimar Republic and declared a state of emergency. The three men that stand in front of the SA are Hitler (standing aggressively with an armband that reads: the double cross- a pun about the swastika and Hitlers betrayal), Goering (who is dressed as a violent god of war, showing how the Nazis have abandoned democracy and now rule by terror), and Goebbels (shown as Hitlers poodle, since in Britain, where this cartoon was published,he was seen to be cowardly and extremely loyal to Hitler). Others were appalled at the scale of the executions and at the relative complacency of many of their fellow Germans. The Nazi Party used the atmosphere of panic to their advantage, encouraging anti-communism. July 1-13, 1934 Editorials, opinion pieces, letters-to-the-editor, and political cartoons regarding the "Night of the Long Knives". President Paul von Hindenburg appointed Hitler chancellor on 30 January 1933. Used for Educational purposes only. The Night of the Long Knives - Free download as Word Doc (.doc / .docx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. "[67] The extent of the massacre and the relative ubiquity of the Gestapo, however, meant that those who disapproved of the purge generally kept quiet about it. She even compared him to Frederick the Great, the 18th-century king of Prussia.[2]. Hitler ordered both Heines and his partner taken outside the hotel and shot. [23] Himmler envied the independence and power of the SA, although by this time he and Heydrich had already begun restructuring the SS from a bodyguard formation for Nazi leaders (and a subset of the SA) into its own independent elite corps, one loyal to both himself and Hitler. Political instability in the Weimar Republic, Hyperinflation and the invasion of the Ruhr, Strength and weaknesses of the Weimar Republic. "[65] Another rare exception was Field Marshal August von Mackensen, who spoke about the murders of Schleicher and Bredow at the annual General Staff Society meeting in February 1935 after they had been rehabilitated by Hitler in early January 1935. Adolf Hitler . [69] Mackensen and Hammerstein ended their memo with: Excellency, the gravity of the moment has compelled us to appeal to you as our Supreme Commander. The destiny of our country is at stake. He left Neudeck with the intention of both destroying Rhm and settling scores with old enemies. The SA were the thugs who Hitler had used to help him come to power. This betrayal is seen by the image of SA members looking fearful in . Reichswehr A more succinct understand of the years between 1920 - 1945 of Hitler would be hard to find. Adolf Hitler needed Ernst Rhm and his storm troops to climb to power in faction-torn Germany. Moonlight glistened on numerous silvery revolvers, contrasting with the sinister black uniforms. Chancellor Adolf Hitler, urged on by Hermann Gring and Heinrich Himmler, ordered a series of political extrajudicial executions intended to consolidate his power and alleviate the concerns of the German military about the role of Ernst Rhm and the Sturmabteilung (SA), the Nazi's paramilitary organization, known colloquially as "Brownshirts". With Greg Stebner. The widows of the murdered SA leaders received between 1,000 and 1,600 marks a month, depending on the rank of the murdered person. [72] Fritsch and Blomberg suddenly now claimed at the end of 1934 that as army officers they could not stand the exceedingly violent press attacks on Schleicher and Bredow that had been going on since July, which portrayed them as the vilest traitors, working against the Fatherland in the pay of France. On 1 July, at Hitler's behest, Theodor Eicke, Commandant of the Dachau concentration camp, and his SS adjutant Michael Lippert visited Rhm. Fearing that the paramilitary SA had become too powerful, Hitler ordered his elite SS guards to murder the organization's leaders, including Ernst Rhm. 2. [38] Joseph Goebbels, who had been with Hitler at Bad Wiessee, set the final phase of the plan in motion. 3. In the cartoon, I can see Hitler standing on a stage, infront of an audience. "[77], Rhm was purged from all Nazi propaganda, such as The Victory of Faith, the Leni Riefenstahl film about the 1933 Nuremberg rally, which showed Rhm frequently alongside Hitler. The Nazis also took steps to ensure they couldnt be openly opposed in the press. However, most accounts argue that as many as 1,000 deaths occurred during the Night of the Long Knives. [73] Hitler's speech was not reported in the German press, but the army was appeased by the speech. Hitler told the crowd that "undisciplined and disobedient characters and asocial or diseased elements" would be annihilated. "A very calm and easy going mailman," the diarist Victor Klemperer wrote, "who is not at all National Socialist, said, 'Well, he simply sentenced them.'" However, soon after the purge Hitler himself would name the events the "Night of the long knives" in a public speech on 13 July 1934 defending the actions (despite the violence taking place over several days). [68] Besides working for the rehabilitation of Schleicher and Bredow, Hammerstein and Mackensen sent a memo to Hindenburg on 18 July setting out in considerable detail the circumstances of the murders of the two generals and noted that Papen had barely escaped. [h], The action Hitler took would not only defang Rhm and the SA as a potential threat to Hitler's personal control of the Nazi Party, but would also serve to strengthen his relationship with the Wehrmacht the German armed forces which had long considered the SA to be their primary rival, and which at times outnumbered the military in manpower.[10]. Also available as: Gift Options Download Options. [15] In January 1934, Rhm presented Blomberg with a memorandum demanding that the SA replace the regular army as the nation's ground forces, and that the Reichswehr become a training adjunct to the SA.[16]. Once the Enabling Law was in place, the Nazis could bypass the Reichstag and rule by decree seemingly creating laws that stabilised Germany and got rid of its internal enemies. ", "The names of eighty-five victims [exist], only fifty of them SA men. Following the purge, the Nazis sculpted the media coverage to portray the event as a preventative measure against a revolutionary, violent, and uncontrollable force, rather than a series of political murders. On the 4 October 1933, it was declared that all editors must be Aryan. , I gave the order to shoot the ringleaders in this treason, and I further gave the order to cauterise down to the raw flesh the ulcers of this poisoning of the wells in our domestic life. 'The Night of the Long Knives' is now commony associated with a particularly violent political purge in Nazi Germany in 1934. On 13 July 1934 the Reichstag Rhm is pictured here on the left next to Rudolf Hess, who was the deputy Fhrer from 1933-1941. If that was indeed true then, as a legal matter, the law was entirely unnecessary and redundant. IN THE CHILLY DAWN OF JUNE 30, 1934, TWO BLACK MERCEDES-BENZ automobiles wound their way around the misty western edge of Tegernsee Lake in the . Whilst the purge focused on the SA, the Nazis also used the event to eliminate other political opponents, such as the former chancellor Kurt von Schleicher. . [21] By the beginning of June everything was set and all that was needed was permission from Hitler. BUT Some within the Nazi Party opposed Hitler. The Liberals' future leader, Jeremy Thorpe, mocked Macmillan by observing . The German Army generals, by condoning the unprecedented events of the Night of the Long Knives, effectively cast their lot with Hitler and began the long journey with him that would eventually lead them to the brink of world conquest and later to the hanging docks at Nuremberg after the war. [76], According to Albert Speer, "the Right, represented by the President, the Minister of Justice, and the generals, lined up behind Hitler the strong left wing of the party, represented chiefly by the SA, was eliminated. As the leader of the SA, Rhm was seen as a threat to Hitlers power. From the airport they drove to the Bavarian Interior Ministry, where they assembled the leaders of an SA rampage that had taken place in city streets the night before.
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