if we can't find evidence that matches the hypothesis is false. (John, Hampson, & Goldberg, Theories about the human personality have been brought up since the early ages of psychology. can use quick, automatic heuristics without deliberating in some contexts & controlled, effortful thinking with carefuldeliberation in others, SOCIAL NEUROSCIENCE Explores the neurologicalunderpinnings of processestraditionally examined by socialpsychology, use of fMRI to study brainphenomena, e.g. [36] These two cognitive processing systems are not separate and can have interactions with each other. How does a "cognitive miser" reason? /Marked true /F2 22 0 R What is culture? >> Sie suchen nach einem 70413 lego, das Ihren Ansprchen gerecht wird? /Diagram /Figure -Ethic of social responsibility: being the target is frustrating /F1 21 0 R meaning, it reduces uncertainty and helps us to predict social behaviours >> 17 0 obj /ParentTree 19 0 R /Kids [5 0 R 6 0 R 7 0 R 8 0 R 9 0 R 10 0 R 11 0 R 12 0 R 13 0 R 14 0 R As a result, one will generally believe one's impressions and act on one's desires. The cognitive miser theory thus has implications for persuading the public: attitude formation is a competition between people's value systems and prepositions (or their own interpretive schemata) on a certain issue, and how public discourses frame it. >> \hline \$ 8,000 & 5,000 \text { diamonds } \\ /GS8 28 0 R they will move along the continuum and take a attribute based approach, so we /F5 25 0 R /Font << endobj /Resources << If the statement is always true, explain why. Why has research focused on European-American prejudice against minority groups? /Nums [0 [52 0 R 53 0 R 54 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 57 0 R 58 0 R 59 0 R 60 0 R 61 0 R /Widths [250 0 0 0 0 0 778 0 0 0 /Font << In this sense, effective communication can be achieved if media provide audiences with cognitive shortcuts or heuristics that are resonate with underlying audience schemata. -TST: a fill in the blank text, first test was "I am" second test was "I am ___ at school" -employ equal status contact, need equal opportunities, -Need to belong: a motivation to bond with others in relationships that provide ongoing, positive interactions. -How humans think and behave like they do, Briefly describe the history of this area of psychology. /Subtype /Type1 -Within group: underestimate differences within groups, view their group as heterogeneous endobj /Annots [51 0 R] >> What kinds of reasoning errors occur when the observer doesn't have enough information? 5,000 & 8,000 \\ You could also do it yourself at any point in time. >> 2#/@LF6vCYJvHPd"}1C{8:0# Lh5tfz|baZ /GS8 28 0 R /CS /DeviceRGB (b) Estimate the time at which the ball is at its highest point and estimate the height of the ball at that time. -Cognitive Misers: take shortcuts whenever possible, value ease and efficiency at the expense of accuracy -Motivation: feel good -Post decision dissonance: start like flawed scientists after we're motivated to who'd rather feel right /ExtGState << >> Built within the framework of self-categorization, researchers believe that people employ categorical thinking to make sense of the social world. /Parent 2 0 R /Type /Font A question arises, but System 1 does not generate an answer. Due to the seemingly smooth current situation, people unconsciously adjusted their acceptance of risk; People tend to over-express their faith and confidence to backup systems and safety devices; People regard complicated technical systems in line with complicated governing structures; If concerned with the certain issue, people tend to spread good news and hide bad news; People tend to think alike if they are in the same field (see also: System 1 generates suggestions for System 2, with impressions, intuitions, intentions or feelings; If System 1's proposal is endorsed by System 2, those impressions and intuitions will turn into beliefs, and the sudden inspiration generated by System 1 will turn into voluntary actions; When everything goes smoothly (as is often the case), System 2 adopts the suggestions of System 1 with little or no modification. [25] However, the relationship between information and attitudes towards scientific issues are not empirically supported. How does the brain respond to social rejection? Due to the seemingly smooth current situation, people unconsciously adjusted their acceptance of risk; People tend to over-express their faith and confidence to backup systems and safety devices; People regard complicated technical systems in line with complicated governing structures; If concerned with the certain issue, people tend to spread good news and hide bad news; People tend to think alike if they are in the same field (see also: System 1 generates suggestions for System 2, with impressions, intuitions, intentions or feelings; If System 1's proposal is endorsed by System 2, those impressions and intuitions will turn into beliefs, and the sudden inspiration generated by System 1 will turn into voluntary actions; When everything goes smoothly (as is often the case), System 2 adopts the suggestions of System 1 with little or no modification. /Resources << /GS7 27 0 R Olivier . The cognitive miser and focal bias . not only vary in content but in structure too in terms of the intra-category A schema is a cognitive framework that helps organize and interpret information. Barr . Main Point: aside from cognition motivation also plays a large role in the social thinker. /Keywords (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture;Fiske;2nd Edition;Test Bank) Samuel Popkin argues that voters make rational choices by using information shortcuts that they receive during campaigns, usually using something akin to a drunkard's search. Categories are in some way ultimate heuristics, they can be Interests require cognitive attention, even calculation. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /S /Part Naive scientist Heider (1958a) argued that ordinary people are scientific, rational thinkers who make causal attribution s using similar processes to those of scientists. 8 [240 0 R 241 0 R 242 0 R 243 0 R 244 0 R 245 0 R 246 0 R 247 0 R 248 0 R 249 0 R 176 0 R 177 0 R 178 0 R 179 0 R 180 0 R 181 0 R 182 0 R 183 0 R 184 0 R 185 0 R /Group << Known as the knowledge deficit model, this point of view is based on idealistic assumptions that education for science literacy could increase public support of science, and the focus of science communication should be increasing scientific understanding among lay public. 14 0 obj As a result, one will generally believe one's impressions and act on one's desires. << >> /S /Transparency The hypothesis that perceivers usually rely on simple rules to make judgments and engage in careful, thoughtful processing only when necessary has been called the cognitive miser model of information processing (Fiske and Taylor, 1984). 2 0 obj<>stream /ExtGState << 83 0 R 84 0 R 85 0 R 86 0 R 87 0 R 88 0 R 89 0 R 90 0 R] /ExtGState << [9], In order to meet these needs, nave scientists make attributions. In what ways do we view members of our In-group differently from out-groups? 214 0 R 215 0 R 216 0 R 217 0 R] /Group << central traits that affect interpretation of later traits? -Pluralistic ignorance: error of assuming that no one in a group perceives things as we do during socialrejection/inclusion, IMPRESSION: an idea, feeling, or opinion about something orsomeone, especially one formed without conscious thought or onthe basis of little evidence, PERSON PERCEPTION: the process through which people observeother people, interpret information about them, draw inferencesabout them, & develop mental representations of them, provides the basis for the way we think, feel, and behavetowards others, physical characteristics (e.g. /Type /ExtGState /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /Contents 35 0 R /Endnote /Note People's behavior is not based on direct and certain knowledge, but pictures made or given to them. (a) Graph this equation with a graphing calculator and the window ttt-min =2,t=-2, t=2,t-max =10=10=10; SSS-min =20,Smax=250=-20, S-\max =250=20,Smax=250. miser 2) cognitive load = heuristics don't require much thought, can be made on 'availability' eg. New York . Rectilinear motion The height above ground (in feet) of a ball thrown vertically into the air is given by. 0 0 0 0 0 278 0 0 500 0 48 . Personality has been conceptualised from a variety of theoretical perspectives, and at various levels of abstraction and breadth. Stolz . System 2 may also have no clue to the error. >> >> /Type /Group z^DIur0rPZaH4mtBg\J7.Wz6lVhm YPvkQ~r`(a`qZb5T&i@yWm0p7&qVC&lRi@Fj\35N#i#`F /1b|U -automatic responses, eye contact, speech problems, etc, -Minimal intergroup paradigm: the minimal conditions required for discrimination to occur between groups. -Conformity: submission to a social influence, alter behavior from group pressures. "[19] In their work, Kahneman and Tversky demonstrated that people rely upon different types of heuristics or mental short cuts in order to save time and mental energy. /F2 22 0 R Motivation does affect the activation and use of stereotypes and prejudices.[38]. -Asch did the test with the lines of different sizes, used confederates which stated the wrong answer, this made the real subject more likely to say the wrong answer even when they had written down the right one [2] [3] The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. /Type /Group In addition to streamlining cognition in complicated, analytical tasks, the cognitive miser approach is also used when dealing with unfamiliar issues and issues of great importance. /Type /Group Motivation does affect the activation and use of stereotypes and prejudices. 260 0 R 261 0 R] endobj the degree to which something is extreme) is People can be cognitive misers over naive scientists but the [2][3], The term cognitive miser was first introduced by SusanFiske and ShelleyTaylor in 1984. [2][34] Yet certain pitfalls may be neglected in these shortcuts. partner, friend, parent, celebrities), Role schema: knowledge structures about role occupants(e.g. /BaseFont /Times#20New#20Roman /Workbook /Document /Font << /Type /Group What is the purpose of the accounting cycle? The term stereotype is thus introduced: people have to reconstruct the complex situation on a simpler model before they can cope with it, and the simpler model can be regarded as stereotype. Would you like Wikipedia to always look as professional and up-to-date? Lippmann therefore suggested that the public "cannot be wise", since they can be easily misled by overly simplified reality which is consistent with their pre-existing pictures in mind, and any disturbance of the existing stereotypes will seem like "an attack upon the foundation of the universe". What is a meta-analysis? /Font << /CS /DeviceRGB What does WEIRD refer to? Recent psychological studies have looked very closely at when and why people engage in careful cognitive . [2] According to this theory, people employ either shortcuts or thoughtful analysis based upon the context and salience of a particular issue. List and Describe the Algebraic Impression Formation types: The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. << 1) time - short of time = use cog. [37] In Fiske's subsequent research, the omission of the role of intent in the metaphor of cognitive miser is recognized. Positive impressions are typically formed in the absence of any(negative) information, more easily changed in light of subsequent negative info, Negative impressions are formed when there is any sign ofnegative information, difficult to change in light of subsequent positive information, we are biased towards negativity WHY? Cognitive misers usually act in two ways: by ignoring part of the information to reduce their own cognitive load, or by overusing some kind of information to avoid finding more information. /LastChar 116 /Resources << Congratulations on this excellent venture what a great idea! In this chapter, we present the multiple knowing processes evolved to enable the tactical flexibility to pursue diverse goals.. In unserem Vergleich haben wir die unterschiedlichsten 70413 lego am Markt unter die Lupe genommen und die wichtigsten Eigenschaften, die Kostenstruktur und die Bewertungen der Kunden abgewogen. 611 500 556 722 0 0 0 556 0 0 x[[Ggc%adp 3 t_hbdK _TwUt5vQ_Nw.{1_.;?nEM]0{?;a}|o/91m~?=>6Gc;xv;{x^(]G!=ig/ho#1na{quo|8Lg?b79?=|xCd]%ZtnrYHo/cauo~qeiL&'?Yv:woa =)Cnf;ZyK|HJ!C|XzfNbpyf`|*F /Parent 2 0 R 16 0 obj How does social facilitation affect the performance of tasks that are simple/well practiced? ->Inuit: low food accumulating, took risks, less conformity things that change one's thinking (cognitive miser vs naive scientist) . 72 0 R] 0 0 0 611 611 667 0 611 611 722 >> /F3 23 0 R The implications of this theory raise important questions about both cognition and humanbehavior. [32] Audiences' attitude change is closely connected with relabeling or re-framing the certain issue. ->Temne: food accumulating, shared resources, more confomity /F5 25 0 R c. Cognitive miser model d. Nave scientist model 6. The nave scientist Pioneering social psychologist Fritz Heider wanted to build a basic theory of the social mind, and to do that he aimed to establish the fundamental guiding principles that drive social behaviour. << /GS7 27 0 R << -Obedience: submission to authority The metaphor of cognitive misers could assist people in drawing lessons from risks, which is the possibility that an undesirable state of reality may occur. [2] [20] Given the limited information processing capabilities of individuals, people are always trying to adopt strategies that simplify complex problems. >> Applying this framework to human thought processes, nave scientists seek the consistency and stability that comes from a coherent view of the world and need for environmental control. -Western: independent self, self-contained and autonomous The term stereotype is thus introduced: people have to reconstruct the complex situation on a simpler model before they can cope with it, and the simpler model can be regarded as stereotype. /Subtype /Type1 >> The motivated tactician approach The cognitive miser approach The nave scientist approach None of the above. stream The brain in your pocket: evidence that smartphones are used to supplant thinking . /StructParents 3 /CS /DeviceRGB DanielKahneman described these as intuitive (System 1) and reasoning (System 2) respectively.[36]. What are the major forms of household income? You have created 2 folders. [39][originalresearch? would sanctify the pursuit of selfinterest. [21] Unless the cognitive environment meets certain requirements, we will try to avoid thinking as much as possible. /Type /Font -Culture: the traditions of a certain group of people /Contents 44 0 R You should be drawing on discussions of attribution models, attribution bias . /Tabs /S The nave scientist is someone who believes that they can understand the world through observation and experiment. << Daniel Kahneman described these as intuitive (System 1) and reasoning (System 2) respectively.[35]. According to this theory, people employ either shortcuts or thoughtful analysis based upon the context and salience of a particular issue. The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. [2], People are limited in their capacity to process information, so they take shortcuts whenever they can. /Resources << /GS8 28 0 R << /F2 22 0 R ], People tend to use heuristic shortcuts when making decisions. -Eastern: interdependent self, permeable relational, in the context of relationships with other people Price$8,0007,0006,0005,0004,0003,0002,0001,000Quantity5,000diamonds6,0007,0008,0009,00010,00011,00012,000. /Chart /Sect 296 0 R 297 0 R 298 0 R 299 0 R 300 0 R 301 0 R 302 0 R 303 0 R 304 0 R 305 0 R Gordon . Discuss the validity of each statement. -People get aroused in crowds and self-awareness dissipates. When processing with System 2, people allocate attention to effortful mental activities required, and can construct thoughts in an orderly series of steps. /ModDate (D:20160705122909+07'00') >> /F2 22 0 R . endobj >> Describe the Robber's Cave Studies. A practical example of cognitive misers' way of thinking in risk assessment of Deepwater Horizon explosion, is presented below. heuristics in judgment and decision-making, Human inference: strategies and shortcomings of social judgment, Like goes with like: the role of representativeness in erroneous and pseudoscientific beliefs, Science and selection: essays on biological evolution and the philosophy of science, 3 MESSAGES AND HEURISTICS: HOW AUDIENCES FORM ATTITUDES ABOUT EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, Risk Assessment in the Federal Government. [2], The metaphor of the cognitive miser assumes that the human mind is limited in time, knowledge, attention, and cognitive resources. /Encoding /Identity-H /F4 24 0 R [33] People apply a number of shortcuts or heuristics in making judgements about the likelihood of an event, because the rapid answers provided by heuristics are often right. [10][pageneeded] Thus, attribution theory emerged from the study of the ways in which individuals assess causal relationships and mechanisms. >> -Ex Chinese immigrants for making the railroads. We'll bring you back here when you are done. -1 in 5 people exhibit racist attitudes, MODERN: cognitive -Fundamental attribution error: tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional influences (enduring characterisitcs like personality) on other people's behavior. /Contents 45 0 R Transcribed image text: Question 33 (Mandatory) (1 point) The perspective that our needs, values, or goals at a given time impact our categorization of other people is known as the view. students and group work, are you assertive? What characteristics of the messenger increase persuasiveness? /GS7 27 0 R /CS /DeviceRGB 5 [166 0 R 167 0 R 168 0 R 169 0 R 170 0 R 171 0 R 172 0 R 173 0 R 174 0 R 175 0 R In other words, this theory suggests that humans are, in fact, both naive scientists and cognitive misers. What is in-group bias? Naive scientist Cognitive miser A and B July 2015 . naive scientist cognitive miser motivated tactician Consistency seeker we want consistency between prior beliefs about the world and our interpretations of new situations Naive scientist individuals gather relevant information un-selectively and construct social reality in an unbiased way Cognitive miser >> How does holistic thinking differ from analytical thinking? What assumptions underlie the research done by Social Psychologists. [12], The study of attributions had two effects: it created further interest in testing the naive scientist and opened up a new wave of socialpsychology research that questioned its explanatory power. However, other psychologists also argue that the cognitively miserly tendency of humans is a primary reason why "humans are often less than rational". -WEIRD: White, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic /K [52 0 R 53 0 R 54 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 353 0 R 354 0 R 355 0 R 356 0 R 357 0 R [7], Before Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser theory, the predominant model of social cognition was the nave scientist. What characterizes the central route and what kinds of decisions are involved? /S /Transparency /Resources << based on similarity. [1] Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending cognitive effort. What are some real world consequences of attributions? ->paying an increase of the original price for extras When processing with System 1 which start automatically without control, people expend little or even no effort, but can generate complex patterns of ideas. /Name /F1 /K [20 0 R] In other words, this theory suggests that humans are, in fact, both naive scientists and cognitive misers. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Cognitive miser". >> /Header /Sect Please upgrade to Cram Premium to create hundreds of folders! /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] 322 0 R 323 0 R 324 0 R 325 0 R 326 0 R 327 0 R 328 0 R 329 0 R 330 0 R 331 0 R /Parent 2 0 R What is conformity? /Slide /Part 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /Lang (en-US) /Subtype /TrueType -Holistic thinking: focuses on the surroundings, central figure and foreground 11 0 obj endobj Describe the findings of Zajonc's cockroach study and the playing pool study. 18 0 obj 1 [73 0 R 74 0 R 75 0 R 76 0 R 77 0 R 78 0 R 79 0 R 80 0 R 81 0 R 82 0 R /Tabs /S ORDER EFFECTS: order in which information about person is presented can have profound impact on impression, Primacy: information presented first disproportionately influenceimpression (stronger & more common). /StructParents 10 One of the more naive efforts at such reconciliation . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Aug 2016. /Tabs /S Three lines of research within the Cognitive Miser. /S /Transparency << Introducing Cram Folders! With efficiency as the key consideration in decision making, the cognitive miser uses mental shortcuts in appraising decision problems. how many defining category features they have), Person schema: individualised knowledge structures aboutspecific people (e.g. The nave scientist and attribution theory; Heuristics; The cognitive miser theory; Implications; Updates and later research; References; The term 5 0 obj endobj too much on mibd = heuristics 3) importance - heuristics better for estimates, if decison is important become a naive scientist 4) information level - if have all necessary info = become naive scientist /Resources << /Font << Fiske and Taylor argue that acting as cognitive misers is rational due to the sheer volume and intensity of information and stimuli humans intake. People tend to use heuristic shortcuts when making decisions. What is diffusion of responsibility? For example, people tend to make correspondent reasoning and are likely to believe that behaviors should be correlated to or representative of stable characteristics. /Resources << What is social facilitation? Define 'groupthink' and describe its symptoms and impact on decision making. 0 0 0 0 0 0 278 0 500 500 The cognitive miser theory is an . << What is social comparison theory? Schemas can be useful because they allow us to take shortcuts when interpret Schemas are mental structures people use to organize knowledge about the social world around themes or subjects. -Emotion: Americans rated the central figure without basing it off of those around it, Japanese was opposite. The cognitive miser . Unfortunately for this moral responsibility refuge, natural science has now scouted this cognitive corner. -Becoming less pervasive /Font << >> Learn moreOpens in new window, Self-Inference Processes: The Ontario Symposium, Volume 6. 12 [337 0 R 338 0 R 339 0 R 340 0 R 341 0 R 342 0 R 343 0 R 344 0 R 345 0 R 346 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] As cognitive simplification, it is useful for realistic economic management, otherwise people will be overwhelmed by the complexity of the real rationales. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] -Exploit the minority to gain your own resources 238 0 R 239 0 R] On the other hand, in Lippmann's view, people are told about the world before they see it. >> 667 556 611 722 722 944 0 0 0 333 /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] -"I told the other participant I liked the task and I got pad only one dollar to do so, so I must've actually liked it". The Nave Scientist Attribution theory Making Attributions Attributional Biases The Cognitive Miser Heuristics The Motivated Tactician Social Categorization Basic Principles Why Do We Categorize? 0 444 0 722 667 667 722 611 556 722 /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /F4 24 0 R What topics are of interest to Social Psychologists? -Social cognition: how we interpret or reason about social information. (1950s) a. . /Resources << [31] Audiences' attitude change is closely connected with relabeling or re-framing the certain issue. /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /Type /Page 306 0 R 307 0 R 308 0 R 309 0 R 310 0 R 311 0 R] /Type /Page /Type /Group "The subtlest and most pervasive of all influences are those which create and maintain the repertory of stereotypes." >> [9][pageneeded] Some of these heuristics include: The frequency with which Kahneman and Tversky and other attribution researchers found the individuals employed mental shortcuts to make decisions and assessments laid important groundwork for the overarching idea that individuals and their minds act efficiently instead of analytically. as. endobj -People are less likely to conform when at least one person states the correct answer. 473480 . << Just as the behaviorist, reinforced leaner gave way to actively thinking organisms throughout the formative periods of social-cognition research, so too did view of the social thinker develop, roughly divided by decade: the naive scientist (1970s), the cognitive miser (1980s), the motivated tactician (1990s), and the activated actor (2000s). The cognitive miser is someone who is reluctant to think deeply about things. . /ExtGState << endobj /Font << -They would overbook places, give one group food that was better, etc. /F4 24 0 R /Creator (alibabadownload.com) /GS7 27 0 R >> What is the Sensation vs Perception Bias? Exemplar view: representation is set of examples of members. 347 0 R 348 0 R 349 0 R 350 0 R 351 0 R 352 0 R] /Type /Group To install click the Add extension button. /F3 23 0 R It is, in many ways, a unifying theory which suggests that humans engage in economically prudent thought processes, instead of acting like scientists who rationally weigh costs and benefits, test hypothesis, and update expectations based upon the results of the experiments that are our everyday actions. -Social facilitation: enhancement of performance brought out by the presence of others /LastChar 239 The elaboration likelihood model is a psychological theory that explains how perspectives are formed and changed through persuasion communication. Since cooperators offer to play more often, and fellow cooperators will also more often accept their offer, the researchers arrived at the consensus that cooperators would have a higher expected payoff compared with defectors when certain boundary conditions are met. They would rather rely on heuristics and shortcuts to make decisions. /Type /Group /Font << Under what conditions are people most likely to help? A brief example provided by Kahneman is that when we try not to stare at the oddly dressed couple at the neighboring table in a restaurant, our automatic reaction (System 1) makes us stare at them, but conflicts emerge as System 2 tries to control this behavior. Fugelsang . When processing with System 2, people allocate attention to effortful mental activities required, and can construct thoughts in an orderly series of steps. /FontDescriptor 364 0 R What is the power of single vivid instances? >> /StructParents 2 naive scientist vs cognitive misercan low magnesium kill you. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] Stereotypes are formed from the outside sources which identified with people's own interests and can be reinforced since people could be impressed by those facts that fit their philosophy. /F3 23 0 R [11] Through the study of causal attributions, led by Harold Kelley and Bernard Weiner amongst others, social psychologists began to observe that subjects regularly demonstrate several attributional biases including but not limited to the fundamental attribution error. /Type /Group /Parent 2 0 R 1 0 obj 2 . What is cognitive dissonance? Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. Popkin's analysis is based on one main premise: voters use low information rationality gained in their daily lives, through the media and through personal interactions, to evaluate candidates and facilitate electoral choices. Since cooperators offer to play more often, and fellow cooperators will also more often accept their offer, the researchers arrived at the consensus that cooperators would have a higher expected payoff compared with defectors when certain boundary conditions are met. In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of humans to think and solve problems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and effortful ways, regardless of intelligence. The basic principle is to save mental energy as much as possible, even when it is required to "use your head". /BM /Normal "The subtlest and most pervasive of all influences are those which create and maintain the repertory of stereotypes. /StructParents 9 The Christian Clerical Culture of Western Science (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 286.
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